Any thoughts on where to look for the cause of low voltage on terminal 16?
See if the low voltage follows a tube if you swap them between channels.
What about bypassing the headphone output all together and attaching the green/brown wires from the output transformer to the RCA jacks directly instead of the headphone jack first?
I would very, very strongly not recommend modifying the amp in an attempt to solve a problem. What you can do is with nothing plugged into the headphone jack, measure the DC resistance between:
1. Each black binding post and the two lugs on the headphone jack closest to the chassis.
2. The right channel red binding post and the two lugs on the headphone jack in the middle level (ring).
3. The left channel red binding post and the two lugs on the headphone jack up top (tip).
Please post these measurements, then I can let you know if there's actually a problem with your headphone jack. I am 99.999999999% sure that your headphone jack is working perfectly.
You might also want to post some photos of your build, as we may be able to spot something that is preventing the signal from leaving the amp on one channel.
-PB